Leson despar/Dexpari leson (14)
(originally published Apr 9, 2016)

The "conditional mood" ends in '-ir':  movir- would speak; esir - would be.

Its use is similar to the Russian conditional/subjunctive verb with the particle "by":  It denotes a condition contrary to fact:  It translates as past subjunctive and also the English "would X" (when "would" does NOT mean "used to"), sort of like a "future of the past."

an mi esir togi, mi esir maj pelaci.  If I were rich, I would be happier.
Ci ti esir pelaci, an ti begir pistolen de li?  Would you be happy if you received a letter from him?

tu vite ku galime  as fast as possible
kutel galime je tive the slowest possible.
An mi esir togi, mi rajsir pize  If I were rich, I would travel often.
Li axar  he believes, he thinks, he has the opinion
Li jedar he believes, assents to the truth of (something/someone)
Li jovar he believes, has faith in

1.  Kute ti dalir, an ti esir en sa jad?  Mi dalir kutel galime je enguse de sa tami ulicos.
2.  Ci ti jovir mien (ci ti mo jovir), an mi ketir a ti tuten?  Nu, Hero, mi nu jovir tien, oti atuto esar nisti.
3.  Kuten ti delir, an ti esir goti?  Mi zecir maj file kaj mi komir aje bone.
4.  Kutam ti rajsor ku tui minux?  Ni rajsor kutam ni esor maj togis.
5.  Kuti kenir sa ifansen an sa kajen idir dala en sa jad?  An li delir tuten, ni avir ali heren kutel kisten en sa kunen.
6.  Ci ti kerir nema atuti kuken?  Nu, mi nu kerir dela tuten, oti tutu ifikan, kutu luper ikien, nu matinkomer ajdene.
7.  Kutu kerir peva ojdene ku tui xinums?   Me ravir file pamoga zien, an mi avir maj xeri jasen, ale pecale mi pevar tu nexe ku mui kikuz.
8.  Ci tui tinad nu potir idana ku ni ojdene a sa koncerto  Nu, li nu potir, oti an li nu alasor en sa hus, li esor janki.
9.  Ci ti vite kuror en sa domat de mui dikad?  Anu, Hero, mi kuror tu vite ku galime.
10.  Ci ti kerir nema atuti du silidsen kaj geba zien a sa dajin?  Me ravir file dela ikien, an mi potir; ale mi nu esar tu ixiri ku ti axar.
11.  Ci tui pikat idanor ojdene a nui serkomo?  Li zixe idanir, an li nu esir janki;  ale lui janek esar maj ixiri ajdene cem iki eser ejdene, kaj mi nu axar ke li potor idana.

 

Leson dexce/Dexcevi leson (13)
(Originally published Apr 9, 2016)

Ajdene sere   this evening; to-night (also ajdene nixe)
Ojdene miaze  tomorrow afternoon
Kutel ti exar?   How are you? (Often pronounced as "Teltexar/telvexar" as a mere greeting)
tutel bone?   so well?
tu bone ku li   as well as s/he
Li apangelar kutel ajtorin  She recites like an actress  (using the -in form of "ajtor" ensures the translation of "li" as "she")
janki  ill,  kaji healthy

tu...ku = "as.....as" in comparisons.  The "ku" here cannot be confused with "ku" meaning "with" for the simple reason that "tu" is before the adjective/adverb compared.  For a translation of "do you sing as well with your brother?" one would use the full "tutel" instead of merely "tu": "Ci ti pevar tu bone ku tui velik" vs "ci ti pevar tutel bone ku tui velik" (the latter means "Do you sing as well with your brother?")

1.  Kuti apangelor ojdene sere (or ojdensere)? Mui kinuz kaj sui bovikel apangelor.
2.  Kuti apangelar maj bone?  Mui kinuz apangelar maj bone cem li.
3.  Ci ti pevar tu bone ku tui vikel?  Nu, Hero, li pevar file maj bone cem mi.
4.  Bondenen, vinelo, kutel ti exar?  Sor bone, Her, kaj mui pinat toxe exar en sor boni kusaj.
5.  Ci tui jinos pevar xene?  Anu, li avar sa jas de mui mux(in), kaj li pevar tu xene ku lini.
6.  Kutam ti serkomor ku ni, Hero? Mi delor tuten, kutam mi potor, ale mi esar tutel zanimati en sa jad.
7.  Kutel zecar tui infan en sa kunen?  Li sor bone zecar; mi nu esar tutel zufi ibe li, kutel mi eser ibe lui vikel.
8.  Ci tui ali jikos zecer maj bone cem atuti?  Anu, li neker kutel boni ifikan, isto atuti cezar maj pize cem li zecar.
9.  C ti avar fili ifansen en tui kunen?  Anu, Hero, ale ni nu avar tu fili infansen ku ti en tui kunen; ni avar maj fili ifansen..
10.  Kute esar sa kajen?  Li nu esar atute.  Li ider a sa jad ajdene miaze.
11.  Kutam tui ifans denkomar?  Zi denkomar en sa densered atute, en sa je jandi domat ise nui kunen.
12. Kuten zi bebar en zui denkom?  Zi potar beba xokoladen aw fokafen, ale sa maj filis nemar fokafen, oti sor boni xokoladen ni nu potar lupa atute.

 

Leson devdu/Devdui leson (12)

(Originally published Dec 28, 2015)

The infixes -ev and -eb
The infix -ev attached to transitive verbs creates adjectives denoting possibility of having something done to an object.  The resulting adjective describes an object of a verb:  Vida - to see, videvi- visible (able to be seen).  Jeda - to believe, jedevi- credible (able to be believed);
The related suffix -eb attached to intransitive verbs denotes "subject to (verbing)":  tota- to die, totebi- mortal (subject to dying), tanotebi- immortal (not subject to dying)

tute there
atute here

axa - to believe, opine
pagot weather
vinca to desire, wish
Tuto esar komevi that is edible.
Atuto esar nubebevi  this is undrinkable.
Nivi Bok, nivi xiri, nivi tanotebi, pamilu nien Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us.

1.  Kute ti esar?  Mi esar atute en mui domat.
2.  Kute esar tui velin?  Li esar en sa sidun.
3.  Kuti esar tute ku li?  Mui tads movar tute ku li.
4.  Ci ti puler tutoen, kutoen mi vincer?  Anu, hiker, atute esar tui telasos kaj tute tui pelotirs.
5.  Ci ti nu komer tui kuken?  Nu, mi nu poter koma kien, oti ki esar nu kevomi.
6.  Kuten ti nemer atute su sa tab?  Mi nemer tutoen.
7.  Ci ti nu poter vida sa gorsen?  Anu, mi poter vida zien; sa pagot eser sor xeni kaj zi eser vevidi.
8.  Ci ti nu poter beba atuti cajen?  Nu, mi nu beber tui cajen;  ki esar bevebi, ale sor nobi.
9.  Kuten ti geber a tutus ifans?  Mi geber a zi tuten, kuten mi puler en sa jad ejdene matin.
10.  Kutam ti idaner a mui vikel?  Mi idaner a li denserede kaj denkomer ku lui ikorod.
11.  Ci ti serkomor ku ni, kutam ti idanor a sa jad?  Mi axar, ke mi nu potor dela tuten, oti mi nu imar zaten. 
12. Ci tutu nuji listup bone geber a ti tuten, kuten mi puler/puleni en lui punul?  Li geber a mi tuten, kuto esar atute su mui tab. 

13.  Ci ti votar dela atuten, Hiker?  Nu, mui nab, esani/mi esar naji kaj ti esar file je ixiri cem mi.

14.  ci atutu ninab deler atuten?  Nu, Hiner, atutu nab deler tuten kaj sui vinel atuten.

 

 

 

Leson decunu/Decunui leson (11)

(Originally published Dec 22, 2015)

The relative pronoun
The relative pronoun is the word, kutu, who, which, that.  When used as the relative pronoun, it will always take -s in the plural and -en in the accusative, which are optional when it is used as a demonstrative.

Those men who come, Tutu coveko kutus idanar.

The word kutu is a pronoun when it is alone, but it corresponds to our adjectives what or which when it is before a noun.  Kutu movar?  Who is speaking?  Kutu(s) tabo esar tutam?  What/which tables are there?

The demonstrative 
Tutu, that, is an adjective if before a noun and a pronoun if alone:  tutu tab, that table; tutu nu idanar, that one does not come.  Tuto is always the pronoun for things:  Mi kerar tutoen,  I want that.  To denote "this, these" etc. prefix a-:  atutu this one.

Kutuen ti vidar?  Whom do you see?
Kutu(en) kuken ti nemar?  Which cake do you take?
Mi gebor tutu(en) kuken kaj nemor atutuen.  I will give that cake and take this one.
Tutus, kutus alasar fade.  Those who remain long.

For the remaining lessons in this course, optional plural and accusative endings will NOT be indicated.

1.  Kutu esar tutu covek?  Tutu covek esar sa her, kutuen ni vider ejdene su sa ulic.
2.  Ci ti nemor tutu(en) potiren?  Nu, mi nemor atutuen, oti li esar ma jandi.
3.  Kutu bone canezar?  Tutu, kutu nu file movar.
4.  Kutu coveko komer mui kuken?  Tutus, kutus idanar en sa matin.
5.  Kutu pojelien ti kerar ima?  Mi kerar ima tutu pojelien, kutus esar ejdene su tui tab.
6.  Ci ti vider sa potiren kutuen li nemer?  Nu, ale mi vider tutuen, kutuen ti nemer.
7.  Ci ti vider kutu kuken li komer?  Anu, li komer sa kuken, kutuen ti puler ejdene.
8.  Kutu pojelien li pulor?  Li pulor tutu ajandi pojelien, kutusen lui tadin panular.
9.  Ci atutu caj esar mj boni cem tutu?  Anu, ki esar file ma boni, oti mi puler atutuen en sa jad, isto ti puler tutuen en sa vik.
10.  Ci ti axar, ke sa caj, kutuen ici pular en sa jad, esar ma boni cem tutuen ici pular en sa vik?  Mi nu kitor tutuen, ale en sa vik sa caj alasar en sa butiko ma fade cem en sa jad, kaj ki esar mu novi.
11.  Kutu(en) husen ti kerar pula?  Mi kerar pula xeni huselen, kutu esar engus ta gorel.
12.  Kutu esar en tui domat?  Tute esar sa du ajandi infano a kutus mi geber kuken ejdene.
13.  Ci ti juxe vider tutu coveken?  Anu, mi axar ke li esar kutu, kutuen mi vider en sa kafun.
14.  Xe kutu tab ti sidor?  Mi sidor xe tutu tab engus mui ini kuz..

 

Leson dec/Deci leson (10)

(Originally published Dec 19, 2015)

The suffix -un
Among its uses is to denote the place devoted to an activity, or usually associated with an act or item:  pula - to sell; pulun - store.  kena- to teach; kenun- school, kenud - classroom*; kaf - coffee, kafun - Cafe.

*-ud is a non-productive suffix denoting specifically a room devoted to the activity expressed in the verb.    

The suffix -stan
This is the suffix uale on an adjective of nationality to denote the country in which the nationality is a majority, usoni - of the USA ("American"), usonistan - the USA;  dojci - german, dojcistan - Germany; or else the "virtual" "land" of said nationality when speaking in general terms or when groups are clustered together:  romani - Rom (gypsy), romanistan - the Rom world;  Esperanto >Esperanti, Esperantistan "Esperantujo".  Ortodosistan, the Orthodox world.

 

Opposite

We derive the opposite of a root word in one of three ways: 
1.  Usually by infixing -an- after the first consonant (but see #3, below)
2.  An older form, for use with colors.  The first and second consonants are simply switched:   liki - violet, purple, kili - yellow. 
3. In any root with an -n- (either singly or as part of a cluster) as the second consonant, a very old form is used, which is simply to prefix a-:  jandi large, ajandi small.  

 

 

afeta - to shave (s.o. or s.t.) ; so afeta - to shave (oneself)
ale - but
ate - until, up to the time of
ose - or
baka - to bake
bakaj - baker
bakun - bakery
bombon - piece of candy
butik - shop
caneza - to work
cevi - three
ceza - to play
cidax - sugar
dela - to do, to make
den - day
densered - noon
denkom - lunch
domisi - public
dui - second
filis - many
furas - a frenchman
furases - French (language)
furasistan - France
imbe - around
ida - to go
inte – after
isto – while
jeda - to believe, mentally assent to
jod - bread
jodal - sandwich
joxad - square (It. piazza, Ger. Plaatz)
juxe - already
kaf - coffee
kafun - cafe
kena- to teach
kenud- classroom
kenun  - school
kenunal - university
kif - hump, lump, bump
kita - to say, tell
kor - heart
kupi - white
ligi – some
luba – to love
masam - spice
matin – morning
moga - to help
neka - to learn
nixered - midnight
novi - new
omos(e) - however
panula- to buy
petina - to comb
petinil - a comb
pipar - pepper
pota - to be able to
pula - to sell
pulun - store
razeni - diverse
recal - goods, stuff
rukel - back (body part)
sal - salt
sered - middle
tanami- quiet
tiga - to dwell
tijel - affair, matter, a thing
toxe - also
ulic - street
ulicel - lane, alley
unui - first
vik - village
vin - wine
xokolat - chocolate
zaneki - mean-spirited
zeki -  afable, nice

 

 

 

MUI VIK

 

Mui vik esar sor ajandi.   Ki nu esar su gor, ale ki esar engus gorel ma hoxi cem sa je hoxi hus en sa vik.  En mui vik esar unu jandi joxad kaj ligi ulico kaj ulicelo.  Su sa joxad esar ligi butiko kaj sa domisi kenun.
   Sa unui butik esar pulun de fili, razeni tijelo.  Sa pulaj esar ajuni herin ku axeni kif su sa rukel.  Li pular masamien, cidaxen, salen, piparen, bombonien, bumaken, recalen, kaj fili ali tijelien.  Sa ifano nu fili lubar lien, oti li esar sor ajuni kaj axeni; omose li imar sor boni koren.  

Sa dui butik esar sa petinun.  Sa petinaj esar juni furas, sor zeki kaj fesi.  Isto li afetar kaj petinar sa covekien, li movar kaj cutar ku zi.  

Sa cevi butik esar sa bakun.  Sa bakaj esar juxe ajuni kaj li esar ma tanami cem sa petinaj, ale li canezar ma bone.  Li delar sor boni jodien kaj jodelien, kutusen li pular en sa butik.  Engus lui pulun esar kafun, kute ici potar beba cajen, kafen, xokolaten, piven ose vinen.  En sa kafun esar du domato; unu ku fili, ajandi tabo, kaj sa ali ku unu soli jandi tab kaj fili sidilo imbe li.
   Ma anguse, su sa joxad, esar sa kenun de mui vik.  Sa ifano idar en sa matin a sa kenun, kaj zi canezar tute ate densered.  Du iki kenajo kenar sa iki ifanien, kaj ce ini kenajo kenar sa ini ifanien.  En mui vik sa ifanino esar ma filis cem sa ifaniko.  Unu kenaj kiter a mi, ke zi canezar ma bone cem sa ifaniko, ale fili coveko nu kerar jeda tuten.  Xe sa densered sa ifano idar denkoma, kaj inte tuto zi mogar sa patien ose cezar su sa joxad.  Ligi ini ifano panular bombonien xe sa ajuni, kifi pulaj, ale lui bombono esar sor ajunis kaj nu sor bonis.
   Ejdene unu ise ta kenajo idaner toxe a lui butik por pular bumaken, ale li(ni) nu imer xeni, kupi bumaken, kaj li nu eser zufi.  Mi nu axar, ke li potar panula ma boni bumaken en sa vik, oti sa ajuni herin esar sa soli, kutu pular bumaken tute.

A.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH "YES"
1.  Ci mui vik esar ajandi?  Anu, ki esar ajandi.
2.  Ci sa goro esar hoxis?  Anu, zi esar hoxis.
3.  Ci mui vik esar engus gorel?
4.  Ci sa gorel esar ma hoxi cem sa huso en sa vik?
5.  Ci sa butiko esar su sa joxad?
6.  Ci esar bakun en mui vik?
7.  Ci esar toxe petinun?
8.  Ci ici potar panula bombonien en mui vik?
9.  Ci esar fili ifanino en sa vik?
10.  Ci sa kenaj kenar sa ifanien?

B.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH "NO"
1.  Ci mui vik esar jandi?  Nu, ki esar ajandi.
2.  Ci ki esar su gor?
3.  Ci sa huso esar ma hoxis cem sa gorel?
4.  Ci esar fili joxado en sa vik?
5.  Ci ti idar a sa kenun de mui vik?
6.  Ci mi avar kuzen tute?
7.  Ci sa ini pulaj esar juni?
8.  Ci li esar aboni?
9.  Ci sa petinaj esar fanesi?
10.  Ci sa bakaj esar tami?
11.  Ci sa ifaniko esar ma filis cem sa ifanino en sa kenun?
12.  Ci sa ifano idar a sa kafun?

C.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH THE NAME OF A PERSON (WHO, WHOM)
1.  Kutu esar xe ti?  Sa bakaj esar xe mi.
2.  Kutuen kenar sa kenajino?  Zi kenar sa ifaninien.
3.  Kutu kenar sa ifanikien?
4.  Kutu pular cidaxen?
5.  Kutu panular bombonien?
6.  Kutu petinar sa covekien?
7.  Kutu delar joden?
8.  A kutu ti idar?
9.  Xe kutu ti denkomar?
10. Kutuen sa ifano nu lubar?
11.  Kutuen sa ifanikien mogar?
12.  A kutu li(ni) panular bumaken?

D.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH THE NAME OF A THING (WHAT)
1.  Kut(o) esar tuto?
2.  Kut(o)en delar sa bakaj?  Li delar boni joden.
3.  Kut(o) esar su sa joxad de sa vik?
4.  Kuten pular sa ajuni herin?
5.  Kuten li(ni) imar?
6.  Kuten panular sa ifanino?
7.  Kuten delar sa petinaj?
8.  Su kut esar sa potiro?
9.  Kuten komar sa ifanino?
10.  Kut esar anovi xe sa pulajin?
11.  Kuten kerer pula sa kenaj?
12.  Kuten ici bebar en sa kafun?

E.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH THE NAME OF A PLACE (WHERE)
1.  Kute esar sa gorel?  Li esar engus ta vik.
2.  Kute esar sa butiko
3.  Kute esar sa huso?
4.  Kute ti tigar?
5.  Kute tigar sa petinaj?
6.  Kute ti pular tui joden?
7.  Kute tui ifano nekar?
8.  Kute ici potar panula bumaken?
9.  Kute ici potar beba cajen.
10.  Kute sa ifanino panular bombonien?
11.  Kute tigar sa kenajin?
12.  Kute zanecar sa ifano?

F.  QUESTIONS TO ANSWER WITH A COMPLEMENT OF TIME (WHEN)
1.  Kutam ti idaner a nui vik?  Ejdene mi idaner a ki.
2.  Kutam ti esar en tui hus?  Mi esar tutam en sa matin.
3.  Kutam sa petinaj cutar?  Li cutar, isto li afetar sa covekien.
4.  Kutam ti zanecer su sa joxad?  Mi zanecer tutam, kutam mi eser juni.
5.  Kutam ti panuler tui joden?
6.  Kutam sa ifaniko idar a sa kenun?
7.  Kutam sa ifano idar denkoma?
8.  Kutam zi zanecar su sa jodax?
9.  Kutam zi kanenar?
10.  Kutam sa pulajin esar zufi?
11.  Kutam sa petinaj esar fesi?

 

 

Leson nef/Nefi leson (9)
(Originally published Dec 17, 2015)

The direct object
The direct object of singular nouns, adjectives and pronouns (and some correlatives) will take UNstressed -en; replacing the final vowel on adjectives, and the correlatives ending in -o and attached to nouns ending in a consonant, the subject pronouns, and the correlative series that end in -u, -i:
bonen, moven, denen, mien, kuten.  The plural ending for nouns is -ien.  Accusative plural for adjectives is derived via an old form in which the plural is indicated by -s-, thus -sen:  boni, bonisen.  Kili, kilisen.  The accusative of adjectives (both singular and plural) is only used when the adjective is not directly in front of the noun;  this is usually only when the adjective is in an appositive relationship with the noun it modifies, or when the meaning is nominal.  Mi vider sa kili gulien, nu sa likisen. 

To place emphasis on the object pronoun, use the pre-verb pronoun in addition to the "full" form pronoun after the verb.  To place emphasis on an object noun, use the pre-verb pronoun in addition to  the object noun.


The correlatives ending in -i and -u (kuti, kutu, etc) take the full suffix -en to form their accusative.

The common German/Slavic device of using the accusative to denote movement to a place is NOT used in Govores.  We say "A kute ti idar?"  Where are you going (to)?  "Mi isidar sa buken a su sa pol"  I set the book onto the floor.

Sa kan sirer sa visiken.  The dog bit the man.  Because of the accusative ending, this sentence can be arranged as Sirer sa kan sa visiken, sa visiken sirer sa kan, sa visiken sa kan sirer, etc. without confusing the subject and object.
Ni vider sa xiroki tabien:  We saw the wide tables.
Li gufar mien  He mocks me.

It will be noted that an attributive adjective occurring directly before the noun it modifies rarely takes the plural/accusative ending(s) and somewhat less rarely the plural nominative ending.  The only time these endings are used on adjectives in the pre-noun position are to avoid any ambiguity.

Direct object form of personal pronouns
The personal pronouns, when used as direct objects, have two forms, one with -en attached, as above (mien, tien, lien, nien, vien, zien) and another, used mainly in high style speech, but also by some speakers (mostly Romance speakers, in imitation of their native languages):  mo, to, lo, no, vo, zo; me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them, placed directly in front of the conjugated verb.  The writer/creator of Govores (who, incidentally, is a native English speaker) prefers this latter form, but don't let that sway you; if you wish to use the "full" form (mien, tien, etc) do so.  Neither form is incorrect.

In sentences with an infinitive compliment taking the direct object pronoun (I want to serve you), the "full" form is used overwhelmingly, except in the very highest style.  Mi kerar dina tien will be the only form seen in ordinary use. The student will see Mi kerar dina-to  Even more rarely he will see To kerani dina in the Bible or in "legalese."  This is NOT to be imitated.

Ni lubar lien/Ni lo lubar  We love him/her/it.
Sa pes komar mufen.  The fish eats a fly.
Mi beber boni/bonen cajen  I drank good tea
Kuten ti delor?   What will you do?
Ci ti imar fanisi pojelien?  Do you have clean cups?

1.  Ci to ravar sa caj?  Anu, ki mo ravar sor file.
2.  Kuten ti komor?  Mi komor pesen.
3.  Ci tui pes esar boni?  Anu, ki esar boni kaj mi esar zufi koma kien.
4.  Kuten ti bebor, Her?  Mi bebor cajen.
5.  Ci nu to ravar kaf?  Nu, Her, mo ravar caj ma cem kaf.
6.  Kuti kerar beba piven (beer)?  Mi axar, ke mui patik bebor piven.
7.  Kuten ti imar en sa potir?  En mui potir mi imar piven.
8.  Kuten ti imar en sa piv?  En sa piv mi imar mufen.
9.  De kute idanar atutu muf?  Ki kurer su sa tab kaj idaner a mui potir.
10. Ci tui potiro esar fanisis, Herin?  Anu, Her, mi xutam imar fanisi potirien.
11.  Ci esar nisti, ke lini imar xutam fanisi potirien?  Nu, mui kim, mi nu jedar atuten.
12.  Herino, ci vui potiro esar toxe fisis?  Ni nu avar potirien.
13.  Ci niste vi nu imar potirien?   Nu, ni imar pojelien, oti ni bebar cajen.
14.  Ci sa caj, kutuen ti bebar, esar boni?  Anu, ale, ejdene, ni beber ma boni cajen.
15.  Kutam ti eser en atutu jad?  Ni eser atute ejdene.
16.  Ci sa mufo komar pesien?  Nu, mui kim, ale sa mufien komar peso.
17.  Ci sa peso komar covekien?   Nu pize, ale sa pesien komar pize coveko.
18.  Kuten ti delor ojdene?  Ojdene, mi cezor ku mui kuzo.
19.  Ci ti lubar tui kuzien?  Anu, mi lubar zien (or mi zo lubar), ale mi lubar noxe mui boni kimien.
20.  Ci ti lubar tui tadiken?  Anu, mi lubar lien (or mi lo lubar) file, kaj toxe li mo lubar mien.
21.  Ci atutu herin lanubar tui josinen?  Anu, mi axar atuten, oti li esar sor zaneki ku li.
22.  Kutuen ti lubar?  Mi lubar fili covekien, kutis nu mo lubar mien.

 

Leson of/Ofi leson (8)
(Originally published Dec 17, 2015)

Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
The superlative is formed by je....ise,  most.....(out) of; muje.....ise, least......(out) of

Sa je boni ise ni   The best (one) of/among us
Sa je xiroki tab.  The widest table.
Sa muje xiroki     The least wide, narrowest.


Mu embire cem li  Less skillfully than s/he
Sa je cudelindi ise zi.  The most wonderful of them
Sa je cudelindi zat de sa jel.  The most wonderful time of the year
Sa muje cidi jas  the least sweet voice
xiri  strong, mighty; peva  to sing

1.  Ci tui velin esar mu xiri cem ti?  Nu, Her, li esar file ma xiri.
2.  Kutu pevar sa je bone ise tui velino?  Mui je juni velin pevar sa je bone.
3.  Ci lui jas esar ma xiri cem tui jas?  Nu, ale ki esar file ma cidi.
4.  Ci sa jas de mui kuzin to ravar?  Anu, lui jas esar xire xeni.
5.  Ci tui kim pevar pize?  Nu, nu lo ravar peva, oti lui jas esar xire canidi.
6.  Ci ajuni coveko pevar bone?  Nu, zi panize pevar bone, oti zui jas esar xaniri.
7.  Ci tui josin esar embiri por caneza?  Nu file, ale li esar ma embiri por ceza.
8.  Kutu esar tutu cudeli covek?  Li esar sa je xiri covek ise mui jad.
9.  Ci tui anovi dinaj  nu esar ma xiri cem li?  Nu, oti mui dinaj esar file ma ajuni.
10.  Ci sa ifano de tui jad pavar xene?   Mi axar, ke zi xeni pevar, ale nu ma cem sa ifano de ali jado.
11.  Kute esar sa je hoxi goro? Sa je hoxi goro esar en Asij.
12.  Ci sa goro en Amelik esar hoxis?   Anu, zi esar ma hoxis cem tutus en Jurop.
13.  Ci tutu ifano esar tuis?  Nu, mui ifano esar ma juni cem tutus.