Leson despar/Dexpari leson (14)
(originally published Apr 9, 2016)

The "conditional mood" ends in '-ir':  movir- would speak; esir - would be.

Its use is similar to the Russian conditional/subjunctive verb with the particle "by":  It denotes a condition contrary to fact:  It translates as past subjunctive and also the English "would X" (when "would" does NOT mean "used to"), sort of like a "future of the past."

an mi esir togi, mi esir maj pelaci.  If I were rich, I would be happier.
Ci ti esir pelaci, an ti begir pistolen de li?  Would you be happy if you received a letter from him?

tu vite ku galime  as fast as possible
kutel galime je tive the slowest possible.
An mi esir togi, mi rajsir pize  If I were rich, I would travel often.
Li axar  he believes, he thinks, he has the opinion
Li jedar he believes, assents to the truth of (something/someone)
Li jovar he believes, has faith in

1.  Kute ti dalir, an ti esir en sa jad?  Mi dalir kutel galime je enguse de sa tami ulicos.
2.  Ci ti jovir mien (ci ti mo jovir), an mi ketir a ti tuten?  Nu, Hero, mi nu jovir tien, oti atuto esar nisti.
3.  Kuten ti delir, an ti esir goti?  Mi zecir maj file kaj mi komir aje bone.
4.  Kutam ti rajsor ku tui minux?  Ni rajsor kutam ni esor maj togis.
5.  Kuti kenir sa ifansen an sa kajen idir dala en sa jad?  An li delir tuten, ni avir ali heren kutel kisten en sa kunen.
6.  Ci ti kerir nema atuti kuken?  Nu, mi nu kerir dela tuten, oti tutu ifikan, kutu luper ikien, nu matinkomer ajdene.
7.  Kutu kerir peva ojdene ku tui xinums?   Me ravir file pamoga zien, an mi avir maj xeri jasen, ale pecale mi pevar tu nexe ku mui kikuz.
8.  Ci tui tinad nu potir idana ku ni ojdene a sa koncerto  Nu, li nu potir, oti an li nu alasor en sa hus, li esor janki.
9.  Ci ti vite kuror en sa domat de mui dikad?  Anu, Hero, mi kuror tu vite ku galime.
10.  Ci ti kerir nema atuti du silidsen kaj geba zien a sa dajin?  Me ravir file dela ikien, an mi potir; ale mi nu esar tu ixiri ku ti axar.
11.  Ci tui pikat idanor ojdene a nui serkomo?  Li zixe idanir, an li nu esir janki;  ale lui janek esar maj ixiri ajdene cem iki eser ejdene, kaj mi nu axar ke li potor idana.

 

Leson dexce/Dexcevi leson (13)
(Originally published Apr 9, 2016)

Ajdene sere   this evening; to-night (also ajdene nixe)
Ojdene miaze  tomorrow afternoon
Kutel ti exar?   How are you? (Often pronounced as "Teltexar/telvexar" as a mere greeting)
tutel bone?   so well?
tu bone ku li   as well as s/he
Li apangelar kutel ajtorin  She recites like an actress  (using the -in form of "ajtor" ensures the translation of "li" as "she")
janki  ill,  kaji healthy

tu...ku = "as.....as" in comparisons.  The "ku" here cannot be confused with "ku" meaning "with" for the simple reason that "tu" is before the adjective/adverb compared.  For a translation of "do you sing as well with your brother?" one would use the full "tutel" instead of merely "tu": "Ci ti pevar tu bone ku tui velik" vs "ci ti pevar tutel bone ku tui velik" (the latter means "Do you sing as well with your brother?")

1.  Kuti apangelor ojdene sere (or ojdensere)? Mui kinuz kaj sui bovikel apangelor.
2.  Kuti apangelar maj bone?  Mui kinuz apangelar maj bone cem li.
3.  Ci ti pevar tu bone ku tui vikel?  Nu, Hero, li pevar file maj bone cem mi.
4.  Bondenen, vinelo, kutel ti exar?  Sor bone, Her, kaj mui pinat toxe exar en sor boni kusaj.
5.  Ci tui jinos pevar xene?  Anu, li avar sa jas de mui mux(in), kaj li pevar tu xene ku lini.
6.  Kutam ti serkomor ku ni, Hero? Mi delor tuten, kutam mi potor, ale mi esar tutel zanimati en sa jad.
7.  Kutel zecar tui infan en sa kunen?  Li sor bone zecar; mi nu esar tutel zufi ibe li, kutel mi eser ibe lui vikel.
8.  Ci tui ali jikos zecer maj bone cem atuti?  Anu, li neker kutel boni ifikan, isto atuti cezar maj pize cem li zecar.
9.  C ti avar fili ifansen en tui kunen?  Anu, Hero, ale ni nu avar tu fili infansen ku ti en tui kunen; ni avar maj fili ifansen..
10.  Kute esar sa kajen?  Li nu esar atute.  Li ider a sa jad ajdene miaze.
11.  Kutam tui ifans denkomar?  Zi denkomar en sa densered atute, en sa je jandi domat ise nui kunen.
12. Kuten zi bebar en zui denkom?  Zi potar beba xokoladen aw fokafen, ale sa maj filis nemar fokafen, oti sor boni xokoladen ni nu potar lupa atute.

 

Leson devdu/Devdui leson (12)

(Originally published Dec 28, 2015)

The infixes -ev and -eb
The infix -ev attached to transitive verbs creates adjectives denoting possibility of having something done to an object.  The resulting adjective describes an object of a verb:  Vida - to see, videvi- visible (able to be seen).  Jeda - to believe, jedevi- credible (able to be believed);
The related suffix -eb attached to intransitive verbs denotes "subject to (verbing)":  tota- to die, totebi- mortal (subject to dying), tanotebi- immortal (not subject to dying)

tute there
atute here

axa - to believe, opine
pagot weather
vinca to desire, wish
Tuto esar komevi that is edible.
Atuto esar nubebevi  this is undrinkable.
Nivi Bok, nivi xiri, nivi tanotebi, pamilu nien Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us.

1.  Kute ti esar?  Mi esar atute en mui domat.
2.  Kute esar tui velin?  Li esar en sa sidun.
3.  Kuti esar tute ku li?  Mui tads movar tute ku li.
4.  Ci ti puler tutoen, kutoen mi vincer?  Anu, hiker, atute esar tui telasos kaj tute tui pelotirs.
5.  Ci ti nu komer tui kuken?  Nu, mi nu poter koma kien, oti ki esar nu kevomi.
6.  Kuten ti nemer atute su sa tab?  Mi nemer tutoen.
7.  Ci ti nu poter vida sa gorsen?  Anu, mi poter vida zien; sa pagot eser sor xeni kaj zi eser vevidi.
8.  Ci ti nu poter beba atuti cajen?  Nu, mi nu beber tui cajen;  ki esar bevebi, ale sor nobi.
9.  Kuten ti geber a tutus ifans?  Mi geber a zi tuten, kuten mi puler en sa jad ejdene matin.
10.  Kutam ti idaner a mui vikel?  Mi idaner a li denserede kaj denkomer ku lui ikorod.
11.  Ci ti serkomor ku ni, kutam ti idanor a sa jad?  Mi axar, ke mi nu potor dela tuten, oti mi nu imar zaten. 
12. Ci tutu nuji listup bone geber a ti tuten, kuten mi puler/puleni en lui punul?  Li geber a mi tuten, kuto esar atute su mui tab. 

13.  Ci ti votar dela atuten, Hiker?  Nu, mui nab, esani/mi esar naji kaj ti esar file je ixiri cem mi.

14.  ci atutu ninab deler atuten?  Nu, Hiner, atutu nab deler tuten kaj sui vinel atuten.